zc

zc zone compiler

Overview

This is a small tool for generating DNS zones from relatively simple text files, with some automation to handle complex or repetitive tasks and to automate generation of reverse zone data.

zc ("zone compiler") is a Python script which uses an external package (Bob Halley's excellent dnspython toolkit) to do a lot of the the heavy lifting.

zc can be used either as a straightforward command line tool or as a pair of pre-receive and post-receive hooks in a bare git repository. In the latter mode, zc pulls its input data and configuration directly from commits pushed to the master branch in the git repository, using another external library (GitPython).

Upshot of all this is that, once the git repository has been set up, you just clone a copy of the repository, edit flat text files with your favorite editor, commit and push, and you're done. Compilation will happen automatically when you push, any serious errors will abort the push so you can fix them and try again, and output will be installed automatically if there were no serious errors.

Installation

zc is perfectly happy to run directly out of a clone of this source code repository, but you can also install it using the usual tools:

Python setuptools

You can install zc using the included setup.py in the usual fashion:

python setup.py build
python setup.py install

The setuptools installation command takes a number of options controlling things like whether you're installing to the base system location, to a shared add-on location like /usr/local/, or to a user-specific location. Run python setup.py install --help for details.

Debian packaging

The source repository includes a basic Debian package setup for use on Debian, Ubuntu, and related systems. Building Debian packages is a complex topic beyond the scope of this document, but if you have the usual tools installed, something like this should work:

pdebuild --buildresult ..
debi --with-depends

You can of course also load the package into an APT repository, install it directly with dpkg -i, whatever amuses you.

Dependencies

As mentioned above, zc depends on dnspython and GitPython. Both of the packaging methods declare these dependencies in their respective packaging structure, but you can also install the dependencies directly if neceessary (eg, if running zc itself out of its source tree).

setuptools:

pip install dnspython
pip install GitPython

Debian:

apt-get install python-dnspython python-git

Command line use

If you just want to use zc as a command line tool, it's simple. Usage as of this writing (subject to change, run zc --help for current syntax):

usage: zc [-h] [-o OUTPUT_DIRECTORY] [-l {debug,info,warning,error}]
      input [input ...]

Generate zone files from a simpl(er) flat text file.

General intent here is to let users specify normal hosts in a simple
and compact format, with a few utilities we provide to automate
complex or repetitive stuff, including automatic generation of AAAA
RRs based on a mapping scheme from A RRs.

After generating the text of the forward zone, we run it through
dnspython's zone parser, then generate reverse zones by translating
the A and AAAA RRs in the forward zone into the corresponding PTR RRs.

positional arguments:
  input                 input file

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -o OUTPUT_DIRECTORY, --output-directory OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
            directory for output files (default: .)
  -l {debug,info,warning,error}, --log-level {debug,info,warning,error}
            how loudly to bark (default: warning)

You can supply more than one input file, zc will process them all together before writing out any of the zone files.

Use as git hooks

The following discussion assumes that you're keeping your zc input files in a git repository. We are not talking about the zc source repository here: data files should be a separate bare git repository. You can put anything you like in that repository so long as it obeys the rules below, but in most cases you will just want a config.json file, one or more zc input files, and perhaps a README explaining usage details and local conventions.

You'll want to create this repository on the server system where you run the DNS name server which will be primary for the zone(s) you administer with zc, so that it can install its output directly to the name server. If putting something like this on one of your public name servers sounds scary, you can set zc up on a separate server and run that as a stealth primary, with your public name servers as secondaries (for the relevant zone(s)) of the stealth primary.

In most cases you'll want to set up a separate userid (zc, by convention, but use whatever you like) to own the bare git repository, so that you can set it up with a locked-down ssh configuration to restrict git access to people authorized to change the zone. The zc package includes an auxiliary program git-remote-only suitable for use in ~zc/.ssh/authorized_keys.

To create a suitable userid and bare repository on Linux, you might do something like this:

sudo adduser --disabled-password --gecos 'ZC user' zc
sudo git init --bare ~zc/dns.git
sudo mkdir ~zc/.ssh
sudo chown -R root:root ~zc
sudo chown -R zc:zc ~zc/dns.git
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/zc ~zc/dns.git/hooks/pre-receive
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/zc ~zc/dns.git/hooks/post-receive

You'll need to populate ~zc/.ssh/authorized_keys to set up keys for users who are allowed to use this repository. ~zc/.ssh/authorized_keys must be readable by user zc, but need not be writable by user zc, so the ssh configuration can be owned by root, and since it only contains public keys there's no particular harm in making it world readable. See comments in git-remote-only for details on how to use that script.

When used as git hooks, configuration can't come from the command line, so it comes from two places:

1. A file called config.json in the repository, and

2. Variables set in the configuration of the bare git repository where the pre-receive and post-receive hooks are installed.

The general idea is that stuff which should be under control of the data owner is controlled by config.json, while stuff that should be controlled by the server operator is controlled by configuration variables in the server git repository. These are described below.

We want to make sure that the zones compile correctly before allowing the git push operation to complete, then, assuming everything's OK, we want to install the zones after the commit completes.

All the real work happens in the pre-receive hook, the post-receive hook's job is just to trigger final installation of the output zone files after git-receive-pack finishes accepting the push. If you don't understand git well enough to know what that means, don't worry about it. If you want to learn more, see githooks, but the learning curve necessary for the documentation to make any sense is a bit steep, so bring a bag lunch.

zc determines whether it's running as one of the git hooks or not by examining the name by which it was invoked: if the name ends with /pre-receive or /post-receive, it's a hook, otherwise you get the command line behavior. In practice, this means that you can just install zc, symlink the correct hook names to whereever you installed the zc script, and the right thing should happen.

config.json settings

The list of input files and the verbosity are set in the JSON file, while the output directory is set in the git configuration on the server where the bare git repository lives.

{
    "zones": ["foo.zone", "bar.zone"],
    "log-level": "info"
}

The zones parameter is mandatory, and specifies the names of the input files within the git repository (at the moment we only look at the top-level directory -- we could change this given a reason).

The log-level parameter is optional, and defaults to warning.

git server repository settings

All of the following settings have defaults except for zc.output-directory.

git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.output-directory /my/output/directory

The zc.output-directory parameter in the git repository's configuration file specifies the location of the directory to which zc should write its final output. zc also uses this directory to stash a FIFO which it uses to coordinate actions between the pre-receive and post-receive hooks.

There is no default for zc.output-directory, you must set it.

git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.hook-timeout 15

zc.hook-timeout controls how many seconds the pre-receive hook should wait for confirmation from the post-receive hook before giving up. The default value of 15 seconds should be fine unless your server is really slow.

git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.post-command 'rndc reload'

zc.post-command, if set, specifies a command to run after all generated files have been installed. The default is not to run any such command.

git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.log-file  /var/log/zc/zc.log
git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.log-level warning
git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.log-file-hours 24
git --git-dir /where/ever.git config zc.log-file-count 7

When running in git hook mode, zc can log to both stderr (which git passes back to the user executing the push) and to a log file. The zc.log-* parameters control the log file.

zc.log-file is the name of the log file; if not set, zc will not log to a file.

zc.log-level is optional, and defaults to warning.

zc.log-file-hours controls how many hours should elapse before zc rotates its log file. The default is 24 hours.

zc.log-file-count controls how many old log files zc should keep. The default is 7.

Zone generation

Other than config.json, the input files to zc look the same regardless of whether you're running zc on the command line or via git hooks.

While zc generates both forward and reverse zones, the underlying mechanisms are (deliberately) very different, so it's simplest to consider them separately. Forward zones are driven from human-edited files, while reverse zones are generated completely automatically from the corresponding forward zones.

Forward zone generation

Forward zone generation starts with a flat text file which is parsed line-by-line to produce a forward zone file. There three basic kinds of lines in this file:

1. Stuff passed unchanged through zc: blank lines, comments, raw DNS RRs (for things other than addresses), and standard control operations like $TTL and $ORIGIN.

2. Name-address pairs, processed to generate A and AAAA RRs.

3. Control operations, all of which have names starting with "$".

zc requires that the text file start with a $ORIGIN control to specify the name of the zone itself.

Other than the above, the one bit of processing zc performs is replacement of the string "@SERIAL@ in an SOA RR with a seconds-since-epoch integer timestamp.

Name-address pairs

"Name-address pairs" are exactly what they sound like: something that a DNS zone file parser would consider a valid owner name, and and an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6).

Processing of one name-address pair produces either one or two RRs, depending on whether automatic generation of IPv6 addresses from IPv4 addresses is enabled when zc processes this name-address pair (see the $MAP control operation, below).

Example:

$MAP yes

; A couple of dual-stack hosts, with IPv6 addresses generated
; algorithmically from the IPv4 addresses.

tweedledee          10.0.0.1
tweedledum          10.0.0.2

$MAP no

; Three single-stack hosts, addresses are what you see, RR type
; inferred from the address family

larry               10.0.0.3
moe                 2002:a00::4
curly               10.0.0.5

$MAP and $MAP_RULE

The $MAP control operation enables or disables automatic generation of IPv6 addresses from IPv4 addresses, according to zone-specific mappings specified by the $MAP_RULE operation.

$MAP is simple: it takes one argument, yes or no (on, off, true, and false are allowed as aliases).

$MAP_RULE takes two arguments: a prefix and a format string. You can specify $MAP_RULE more than once to build up an ordered set of mapping rules. When mapping is enabled, a given address will be checked against the prefix of each rule in turn: the format string from the first matching rule (if any) will be used to format the mapped address.

Format strings are in the syntax used by Python's str.format() operator; the .format() operator will be called with one argument, the input address converted to a tuple of integers, one per byte in the binary representation of the input address. So an input address of 10.0.0.44 would be yield the tuple (10, 0, 0, 44), and so forth.

$MAP_RULE   10.1.3.0/24             2002:a00:0000:f{0[2]}::{0[3]}
$MAP_RULE   10.1.0.0/16             2002:a00:0000:{0[2]}::{0[3]}

$MAP on

larry       10.1.2.3
moe         10.1.3.2

$MAP off

curly       10.1.4.1

This mechanism is intended primarily for mapping IPv4 addresses to IPv6 addresses. The mechanism itself is address-family-agnostic: in principal, it should work equally well in the other direction if you can specify a useful set of rules, but the author has not tested this.

$RANGE

The $RANGE control operation is a variation on the same general idea as the (BIND9-specific) $GENERATE control operation, but is, in the author's opinion, a bit easier both to use and to read. For all but the most esoteric uses, it takes three or four arguments:

1. A format string to generate the name field of the resulting RRs.

2. A start addresses (IPv4 or IPv6).

3. A stop address

4. An optional numeric offset.

The basic idea here is to generate a sequence of A or AAAA RRs (type selected automatically to fit the addresses provided) for every address in the specified range, inclusive, with names generated according to a format string containing a numeric field.

An offset value of zero would start with the name generated by applying the format string to the number zero; an offset value of one would start with the name generated by applying the format string to the number 1, and so forth. If the offset field isn't specified at all, it defaults to the numeric value of the least significant octet of the start address.

Examples:

; Access points using $RANGE. This is equivalent to:
;
;  ap-101           10.0.1.101
;  ap-102           10.0.1.102
;  ...
;  ap-200           10.0.1.200

$RANGE      ap-{:d} 10.0.1.101 10.0.1.200

; Switches, also using $RANGE, but with the numeric input to the
; format string explicitly specified rather than inferred from the
; IPv4 addressing.  Equivalent to:
;
; sw-1              10.0.3.17
; sw-2              10.0.3.18
; ...
; sw-26             10.0.3.42

$RANGE      sw-{:d} 10.0.3.17 10.0.3.42 1

; Finally, a whole lot of DHCP client addresses, for IPv4
; addresses ranging from  10.1.0.50 to 10.2.255.254, names left as
; an exercise for the reader.

$RANGE dhcp-f{:03x} 10.1.0.50 10.2.255.254 50

$INCLUDE

$INCLUDE is a standard control operator, but for the main expected zc use cases there's not much need for it.

zc supports a limited form of the $INCLUDE operator, intended mainly for automation (that is, for cases where one wants to include a machine-generated set of DNS data into a larger zone that you're maintaining with zc). Limitations:

1. zc doesn't support the optional origin field of the $INCLUDE operator as defined in RFC 1035.

2. zc does not preserve the current $ORIGIN value of the outer file while processing $INCLUDE, so if the included file changes the $ORIGIN, the outer file will see that change. Don't do that.

$GENERATE

The $GENERATE control operator is not currently implemented.

$GENERATE is a BIND-specific control operator. We could implement it if there were a real need, but the $RANGE operator covers the things for which we have been using $GENERATE in the forward zone.

The IETF NOC's former use of $GENERATE in reverse zones was a source of consistency problems, and is therefore unsupported with prejudice.

$REVERSE_ZONE

The $REVERSE_ZONE control operation has no effect on the forward zone. Rather, it's a mechanism for specifying the list of reverse zones which should be generated from this forward zone. We include this in the input source for the forward zone in order to keep all the data describing the zone in one place.

If you don't use the $REVERSE_ZONE control, zc will not generate any reverse data for this forward zone.

Sample:

$REVERSE_ZONE 0.10.in-addr.arpa
$REVERSE_ZONE 1.10.in-addr.arpa
$REVERSE_ZONE 2.10.in-addr.arpa
$REVERSE_ZONE 0.0.0.0.0.0.a.0.2.0.0.2.ip6.arpa

Reverse zone generation

As noted above, reverse zones are generated entirely from data extracted from the forward zone. This is deliberate: we are trying to make sure that the reverse data corresponds to the forward data, and giving the user an opportunity to get creative here is just asking for trouble.

The basic strategy is:

• Create a reverse zone object for every name listed in the forward zone's source via $REVERSE_ZONE operators.

• For each A and AAAA RR in the forward zone, generate the corresponding PTR RR and and find the reverse zone in which that RR belongs; whine for each PTR RR that doesn't fit into any specified reverse zone.

• Populate the zone apex data (SOA and apex NS RRsets) of each reverse zone by copying the corresponding rdata from the forward zone. Yes, this assumes that the forward and reverse zones are served by the same servers; we could "fix" that given a need, but as of this writing no such need exists, and this keeps it simple.

Copyright

Copyright (c) 2017-2019, Grunchweather Associates

Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.